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The telescope is a concave and convex lenses observations of distant objects optical instruments. Use of light refracted through the lens or light concave mirror reflection into the holes and converging imaging, and then through a zoom eyepiece and be seen. Also known as the "telescope". The telescope is to enlarge the angle of distant objects, the human eye can see the angle from the smaller details. Telescope second role is to collect the objective lens than the pupil diameter (maximum 8 mm) is much thicker the beam, into the human eye, so that the viewer can see the original can not see the faint objects.

In 1608 Netherlands Middelburg opticians Hans Lippershey create the world's first telescope. Hans Lippershey, as to check grinding out the quality of the lens, a convex lens and a concave mirror arranged in a line, look at the past through the lens, the church spire in the distance as if larger closer, so stumbled the secret of the telescope. 1608 patent his own telescope, and to comply with the requirements of the authorities, made a pair of binoculars. It is said that the the town dozens glasses Carpenter claimed to have invented the telescope. Florence, Italy in 1609, Galileo Galileo Lei Faming the 40 times the two-mirror telescope, which is the first practical telescope into scientific applications.

The basic principle of the telescope:

Telescope used to observe distant objects visual optical instruments, able to distant objects is very small angle of a certain magnification zoom, so that a larger opening angle in the image space, originally not with the naked eye to see or distinguish objects becomes clear and legible. So, the telescope is an indispensable tool for astronomical and terrestrial observations. It is a so that the incident parallel light beam through the objective lens and the eyepiece optical system remains parallel emitted. Generally divided into three types according to the telescope principle. One kind of instrument to observe distant objects by collecting electromagnetic waves. In everyday life, the telescope mainly refers to optical telescopes, but in modern astronomy, astronomical telescopes, including radio telescopes, infrared telescopes, X-ray and gamma-ray telescopes. Telescope concept is further extended to the field of gravitational waves, cosmic rays and dark matter.

At the same time, the German astronomer Johannes Kepler research telescope, he proposed "dioptrics the other telescopes, this telescope is composed by two convex lenses, with Galileo's telescope, wide field of view than the Galilean telescope . Kepler did not manufacture his introduction of the telescope. Scheiner in 1613 ─ 1617 for the first time to produce such a telescope, he is also in accordance with Kepler's proposal to manufacture a third convex lens telescopes, two convex lens telescopes do but rather into a positive like. The Scheiner do 8 telescope to observe the sun, a platform, whether it can see the same shape of the sunspot Which. Therefore, he dispelled a lot of people think that sunspots might is an illusion caused by the dust on the lens, the real existence of sunspots observed. Observe the sun Scheiner fitted with special front glass, Galileo did not add this protection device results hurt his eyes, and finally almost blind. Huygens, the Netherlands in 1665 in order to reduce the chromatic aberration of refracting telescope tube length of nearly 6 m telescope to probe Saturn's rings, and later made a nearly 41-meter-long telescope.

1793 William Herschel, making the reflecting telescope, the mirror is 130 cm in diameter, made of copper-tin alloy, weighing 1 ton. Britain's William Parsons Manufacturing in 1845 reflecting telescope with a mirror diameter of 1.82 m. In 1917, Hooker Telescope at the Mount Wilson Observatory in California, United States built. Its main reflector diameter of 100 inches. It is to use this telescope, Edwin Hubble discovered the amazing fact that the universe is expanding. 1930, German BernhardSchmidt will refract the advantages of the telescope and reflecting telescope (refractor small aberration but the color difference and the size is bigger and more expensive, no color reflecting telescope, low cost and mirrors can be made very large, but there are aberrations) combined, made the first catadioptric telescope.

After the war, the reflecting telescope astronomical observations soon, Palomar mountains in 1950 installed a diameter of 5.08 m Hale reflecting telescope. 6 m diameter mirror is installed in the former Soviet Union, the northern Caucasus Paz soil Hough hill in 1969. 1990, NASA Hubble Space Telescope into orbit, however, due to the mirror fault astronauts until 1993 to complete the space repair and replace the lens, the Hubble telescope began to play a role. The sharpness of the image can be free from the interference of the Earth's atmosphere, the Hubble telescope captured images of similar telescope on Earth 10 times. In 1993, the United States built in the mountains of Mauna Kea, Hawaii, 10 m diameter Keck telescopes, mirror pieced together by the 36 1.8-meter mirror. Developed by the European Southern Observatory in Chile 2001 completion of the Very Large Telescope (VLT), which consists of four 8-meter-diameter telescope, its light-gathering ability, with a 16-meter reflecting telescope. Now, a number are planning to build in the telescope on Mauna Kea white giant brothers launched the attacks. These new competitive participants including 30 meter diameter California Extremely Large Telescope (CELT), 20-meter diameter Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT), and 100 m diameter Overwhelming Large Telescope (OWL). Their proponents pointed out that these new telescopes can not only provide the image quality is far better than the Hubble telescope photo space picture, but also able to collect more light, the initial state formed 10 billion years ago, galaxies, stars and the universe gas situation to know more about, and see distant planets around a star.

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